Introduction to Tesco Essay Example

Introduction to Tesco   Essay Tesco is Britains leading food retailer employing 160 000 people in the U K throughout its 702 stores. Over the past five years Tesco has expanded from a traditional U K based supermarket into new countries, products and services including a major non food business, personal finance and internet shopping. Tesco has progressed into a truly international retailer employing a further 140 000 people throughout 214 stores in nine markets worldwide. The increasing scale and internationalization of Tescos sales and purchasing operations contributes to a significant increase in efficiency and profitability. In this assignment I will be examining Tescos position in the economy, explaining the role of economies of scale within Tesco and drawing up a detailed swot analysis of the organisation. I will also be examining the role of production within the firm. Tescos position in the economy Tesco is a public limited company (plc). Public limited companies are businesses with share price on the stock exchange. To become a public limited company, a business must have an issued share capital of at least à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 000. The company must have reissued at least 25% of the nominal value of the shares. Tesco can raise significant sums of capital by selling shares to the general public. Shares are bought and sold on the stock market. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Tesco   specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Tesco   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Tesco   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Management of Tesco is in the hands of the board of directors who are appointed by the major shareholders at the annual general meeting (AGM). Tesco has approximately 100 000 active shareholders within the company. Tescos share holders do not have any say in the day to day running of the company. There is a distinct division between ownership and control within Plc companies. This is unlike sole traders, partnerships and some private limited companies, where owners usually take on management duties. Being a plc Tesco benefits from limited liability this will limit financial risk. In the unlikely case of Tesco going bankrupt and falling into debt shareholders can only lose the value of their fully paid shares at worst. Their personal property is immune. This is not the case for sole traders and partnerships as unlimited liability is present. Therefore the owners will be fully liable for all of their debts. Plcs have become the dominant type of business organisation in the private sector. Tesco will experience fewer difficulties in raising capital than most other types of business. Not only can they raise capital, but their high public profile also makes it easy to arrange loans from financial institutions giving it the resources to trade throughout the world and compete in the toughest markets overseas. Tescos legal obligations: * Memorandum of Association This is a statement of the name of the company, the address of the companies registered office, a statement of the companies aims. * Articles of association This is a set of rules by which the company is governed. The articles are a contract between the company and its shareholders. The document must provide details of. : 1. The firms nominal capital. 2. When shareholders meetings are to be held and how they are to be conducted. 3. The voting rights of shareholders. 4. How profits and losses are to be distributed. 5. Names of directors. 6. How directors are appointed and the nature of their authority. Tescos business objectives Business objectives are medium to long-term goals or targets that provide a sense of direction to the business. These usually have a stated time scale. For instance, Tesco might have an objective to boost market share from 27% to 30% over the next four years. Tesco owes its success to fulfilling their major business objectives and meeting consumer needs. These are as follows: * Making a profit * Increasing sales and market share * Providing services to the community * Producing high quality products and offering high quality services * Developing a skilled workforce * Expanding into overseas markets * Fulfilling charitable or non-profit objectives Tescos Market share Market share is the term used to describe the proportion of total sales in a particular market for which one or more firms are responsible. This is usually expressed as a percentage. The supermarket sector has always been highly competitive. Tesco is the leading company in the sector with a huge 27% market share. Tesco is under much increased competition for market share and sales with the rise of Asda Walmart, sainsburys and the takeover of Safeway by Morrisons. Tescos dominant market share is put down to their policy of cheaper prices, offering better choice and convenience for their customers and its emphasis on meeting changing consumer needs through service and innovation, while maintaining its commitment to value and quality. In June 2003 the third largest supermarket was created. This came about by the takeover of Safeway by Morrisons. According to BBC news a deal worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.9bn was agreed by the two supermarket chains. The combined firm, with 598 stores, a turnover of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12.6bn and a market share of 16%, aims to compete with Tesco, Sainsburys and Asda- the giants of the U K supermarket sector. This was a massive boost for Morrisons which prior to the takeover was a fast growing but medium sized supermarket chain based in the north of England. The take over has opened up the South of England to Morrisons where Safeway was predominantly located. The well documented takeover of Safeway by Morrisons was proposed by all of the supermarket giants including Tesco. Tesco showed a great deal of interest in the takeover but their bid was blocked by the competition commission. The office of fair trading decided to block Tescos bid stating that it would give Tesco increased buying power over manufacturers and suppliers resulting in a push up of prices. The office of fair trading also had concern for small stores and its negative effect on local communities. Financial Information In April 2003 Tesco announced a 14.7% rise in annual profits. This rise in profits has been put down to increased emphasis on non-food products and its expanding overseas operations. Tesco announced pre-tax profits of 1.4bn for the year to February 22nd. These profits exceeded forecasts of 1.3bn. Tesco decided six years ago to focus on expansion into higher margin non-food products such as clothing, healthcare and retail services such as banking, as well as expanding overseas. Tescos International sales rose 31.2% to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.2bn in the year to February 22nd. Meanwhile in the U K sales grew 7.9% to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½23.4bn.

Neolithic pottery and art Culture

Neolithic pottery and art Culture Introduction The Neolithic period is one of the most fascinating periods in the Chinese history; a period believed to have started in 10,000 B.C. and came to an end eight thousand years later. This period was characterized by a population, which solely depended on crop and domestic animal farming as opposed to gathering and hunting as considered as common ancient economic activities.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Neolithic pottery and art Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Like in other parts of the world, Chinese Neolithic inhabitants preferred occupying regions along rivers and lakes for easy access of water, which was a major family need. Of great significance is the Chinese artistic tradition that has its core traces in the middle of the Neolithic group (The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1). There are groups of artifacts which prove the existence of the tradition. This paper analyses, pottery culture du ring the Neolithic culture with special emphasis on some of the social reasons which prompted the development of the culture. Additionally, several images have been compared with a thorough discussion of the social importance of certain artifacts within the historical environment. Categories of artifacts As mentioned above, Chinese artistic tradition was divided into two categories. The first group was the painted pottery which was common along the Yellow River Basin that stretched to the northwestern part of China from Gansu province. Yangshao emerged in the central region while Machang, Banshan and Majiayao were witnessed in the northwest region (The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1). Yangshao pottery was done using coils of clay, which were stuck together and smoothened into customized shapes and sizes. Pottery containers from graves were principally painted with red and black color to signify pain and mourning. It is believed that this practice depicts ancient use of brushes for sev eral linear compositions among others. The second category of Neolithic artifacts encompassed jade carvings and pottery originating from the eastern seaboard and the lower side of the Yangzi River towards the southern direction (Jiang and Liu 356). This representation included Hemedu, Liangzh, Dawenkou and Longshan. It is important to mention that Eastern China pottery was distinctively known for its unique shapes as compared to those from the central region, which mainly included the tripod that later remained significant during the Bronze Age. Even though some paintings from the eastern region were painted as part of decorations, those from the coast mainly utilized burnings and technical incising. Notably, the craftsmen of the Neolithic period in China have been recognized throughout history for their invention of the Wheel (The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1).Advertising Looking for term paper on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another important aspect of Chinese culture during this period was the use of jade among potters. This made lifetime contributions into what was later known as Chinese civilization (Pryor 1). Stone was also commonly used in making designs among the Neolithic settlements. The best stones were always chosen depending on their strength and quality before being fashioned into desired items of value. Nephrite, also known as â€Å"true jade†, was considered tough and strong by most craftsmen and was therefore frequently used than other stones in the region at that time. This was a common phenomenon in Zhejiang and Jiangsu especially towards the end of the Neolithic period (Pryor 1). An important feature of jade was its hardness, and proved tough during carving as it required a strong knife and always turned out to be laborious. Incised decorations and glossy polished surfaces required high skills and extraordinary patience from craftsmen in order to realize outst anding good results. Archeological findings have always revealed the presence of jade in and commonly placed alongside privileged dead bodies before burial could take place. Axes Like other artifacts during the period, jade axes1 were symbolic and carried unique message for the public. Besides being used during burial, they also symbolized harsh punishment especially in cases where one was found guilty of a serious criminal offense. After carving of the axe, it was always fixed into a stick which served as the handle. It also denoted gaining of power by one person to lead others (Thorp and Vinograd 35). The significance of Jade axes tremendously evolved, making them to become symbols of social importance. Image 1 Regional pottery and art As mentioned above, the Neolithic period saw the emergence of artifacts and designs which later became the foundation of the Bronze Age. These carvings and other forms of art were unique depending on the geographical location since different people valued art uniquely.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Neolithic pottery and art Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, provinces and even villages identified themselves with certain designs with a few similarities being noted. Additionally, artifacts carried meaning that was easily communicated within the area of origin as different groups of people had customized interpretation and understanding of art as described below. Image 2 Image 3 Yangshao Village Yangshao Village2 had a wide range of potteries during the Neolithic period with special focus on 4500 B.C. Most of its artifacts carried complicated designs even though one could easily consider them to be simple, with three distinctive categories being recognized. These included owl3, animal and lady figures (Thorp and Vinograd 47). Based on these groups, it suffices to mention that each artifact within a given class symbolized a certain asp ect of people’s life. Therefore, their presence always had unique interpretation by the people of that time. Although its meaning was not quite clear to many, owl images were common in the village and they took different shapes and designs as chosen by the artist. The design and most features of most owl images indicated the strength of the animal. Other people also believed that owl represented the messenger of some supernatural being that was beyond their knowledge and understanding.Advertising Looking for term paper on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On other occasions, they were used to imply the need for people to stay awake during the night for their own safety (Thorp and Vinograd 48). On the other hand, fish figures depicted the lifestyle of people at the moment as fishing was one of the economic activities of the time and a major source of food. The first owl image above denotes the strength of the animal from its strong wings and legs. Being a core aspect of any community, fertility was also represented through art. Frog images were commonly used to denote this as they were designed with a human shape and artistic decorations. Common features included legs and the use of three to four colors as part of the final touches to make the figure more attractive. They were generally made by hand although they always had asymmetric shape (Thorp and Vinograd 50). Image 4 Another village which valued artistic images and figures was Dahe in Henan Province. People from this village expressed their ideas through figures also witnessed in other regions during this period. Axe, bird and fish figures were quite common and signified their daily lives in terms of economical aspect of living. Farming was a common practice together with fishing. The figures emphasized how their daily lives were shaped. Similarly, Xia Dynasty4 and Shang Dynasty valued pottery and their cultures. There were three subjects that were common and significant in these dynasties (Thorp and Vinograd 256). These were sky, earth and people. People from these dynasties believed that the earth produced rulers of the earth and the universe. Their tombs were however characterized by several layers which implied the existence of numerous layers of the universe. Several figures were also recognized including the axe and Vassal among others, with each pottery denoting a specific meaning or aspect of their lives. Some of the images like gold seals were a symbol of wealth and material ability for the community and were common in tombs. Image 5 Conclusion From the above analysis of pottery and art culture during the Neolithic period, it is evident that most people of this age highly valued their culture pricelessly. Through expert skills and knowledge, they expressed their feelings, lifestyle and other aspects of life through artistic figures and decorations. Of significance is the image of animals among their potteries (Kuijt 297). Common animals included owls and fish whose symbolic meaning revolved around the nature of their daily life and the existence of a supernatural being respectively. Social status was also represented by several artistic images like tombs with solid gold which always symbolized a sense of wealth and high social status. Other elements of high standards of living included but not limited to golden horse, mirror, cosmetic containers and elegant dining ware. In general, Neolithic period significantly prepared people for the Bronze Age that was experienced later on. There were several artifacts which found way i n this age, implying the importance of Neolithic period in Chinese history and Cultural Revolution. Jiang, Leping, and Liu Li. â€Å"New evidence for the origins of sedentism and rice domestication in the Lower Yangzi River, China.† Sedentism and rice domestication in South China 80 (2006): 355-361. Kuijt, Ian. Life in Neolithic farming communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation. London: Springer, 2000. Print. Pryor, Francis. â€Å"Overview: From Neolithic to Bronze Age, 8000 800 BC.† BBC News 2011. bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/overview_british_prehistory_01.shtml. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Neolithic Period in China, 2011. Web. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cneo/hd_cneo.htm. Thorp, Robert, and Vinograd Richard. Chinese art culture. New York: Abrams, 2001. Print. Footnotes 1 Tool used during burial and was associated with high punishment. 2 A village found on the western side of Henan near the Yellow River. 3 Owl figures were 36 cm in height and were designed to stand freely. 4 Regarded as the first dynasty in the history of China.

Lean thinking (Layout Planning) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Lean thinking (Layout Planning) - Assignment Example The most exemplary and logical way to accomplish this working criteria would be to designate any two working departments with large amount stock movement proximity so as to save on fuel costs, transportation costs and most importantly operational time. So as to categorize which particular centres frequently have a large amount of stock or inventory movement within the company centres, a work Travel Chart is created to indicate the weekly sum of the activities and travels among the different departmental centres. The table below shows the operation sequence of all the products manufactured by the company. It also shows the respective allocated company sub-sections used during the production of each of the products. Notably, this will aid in appropriate decision making during the layout designing processes. A travel chart is used outline the degree of essential departments’ relativity in the production process. This is carried out via examining the amount or volume of products between each and every different work centres to aid in concluding which department s ought to be developed and stationed close to one another. Here is representational table of the travel chart for these company’s operational activities. Based on the above travel chart as well as the systematic layout planning technique (SLP) the degree of the importance between any two work centres to be allocated close to each other has been determined. In this case scenario the various company processes are represented using numerals. In this case, the number represents the first production process, that is, the guillotine process. Therefore, one can inference from the travel chart that the process number 12 - Pack and 13 - Dispatch work centres both display a high and strongly relative bond in terms of the movement of product between the two centres. Consequently,

Scanning the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scanning the Environment - Essay Example ote focuses on demographics and socio-cultural trends, advertising, strategy and image for the previously mentioned retailers and the strategy that a competitor should adopt. Retailing of grocery items has been a competitive business for some time because a number of large retail chains, online stores and retail shops compete within the market. This means that it is important to try to position the retail brand right so that a maximum attraction for the grocery retail segments within the consumers is possible (Reynolds, 2004, Pp. 12 – 18). Brands tell a lot about price and this means that positioning brands to attract a certain type of customer to maximize profit is important in grocery retailing. Demographic trends for the US consumer suggests that the average consumer is more health and money conscious as a result of the prevailing economic uncertainty and they are only willing to pay a little extra for better fresh fruits and vegetables, food brands (Cook, 2008, Slides 1 – 25). However, quality and price are the most important considerations in selection of grocery items, but pesticide free items are only second in preference to fresh gr ocery items. Thus, organic products are second only to fresh quality products. In addition, the proportion of non – Hispanic Whites as a proportion of the total consumer is declining compared to an increase in the Hispanics and the Asians. Thus, retailers must consider the previously mentioned trends in efforts to position their retail brands. Aldi, the global grocery retailer has tried to benefit from the willingness of the consumer to pay a little more for quality in positioning its brand (Aldi, 2009, â€Å"Grocery Selections†). However, Amazon Grocery appears to have tried to lure the customer by offering established middle-of-the range brands with an emphasis on saving for quality and a concern for the Asian and Hispanic consumers. However, both of the previously mentioned chains emphasize value for money. Although

Research Paper - Real Estate Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

- Real Estate - Research Paper Example The type of information to be considered includes location, medium of transport, etc. Sources of risks include radon emissions, surface water, soil, and air. The perception of risk is affected by five critical cycles. The health risk cycle involves publication of the initial study which links specific environmental contaminants with a given health effect. The remediation cycle involves seeking information on how to remediate or reduce the risk. Thirdly, public relations cycle involves publishing the risk effects in popular press. The regulatory stage involves lawmakers and regulators responding to public concerns about the environmental risks. Lastly, the lending cycle ends with the lending community reacting to the environmental risk. Environmental assessment has also been enhanced since 1986. Lenders can gather information about environmental conditions that may affect mortgage loan security. Inclusion of property in federal superfund regulations impacts on the value of property. S ignificant market stigma may be caused by such regulations. Contamination such as contaminated aquifer may affect current use by limiting the best and highest use of the property. Contamination also affects the surrounding uses e.g. property close to a landfill may be affected by landfill risk. In the real world, environmental conservationists and governments use the information to locate potential environmental hazards such as landfills near properties of low value. The responsible regulators and government institutions also use the impacts to create an enabling environment where the best and highest current uses of land can be achieved by minimizing

Primary methods of maintaining organizational culture

Primary methods of maintaining organizational culture An organizations culture is made up of comparatively stable characteristics. It grows over many years and is rooted in intensely held values to which employees are forcefully committed. In addition, there are number of forces are successfully operating to maintain a given culture. These include written allegations about the organization mission and philosophy, the design of physical spaces and buildings, the dominant leadership style, hiring criteria, past promotion practices, entrenched rituals, popular stories about key people and events, the organizations historic performance evaluation criteria, and the organizations formal structure. Significantly, the organizational culture includes values, assumptions, goals and Industry demands. So the culture has been maintained through Attraction-Selection-Attrition (ASA), Employee on-boarding (socialization), Leadership (Top management) , and organizational Reward systems. It determines what types of people are hired by an organization and what types of people are left out. Attraction-Selection-Attrition (ASA) : First, employees are attracted to organizations where they will suit in. According to Judge statement, the employees with distinctive personality traits find different cultures attractive.[1]For example, out of their individual traits, employees who illustrate neurotic personalities were less likely to be attracted to inventive cultures, whereas those who had openness to experience were more likely to be. By ASA process, While selection, candidates and corporations both are looking for people who will fit into their current corporate culture.[2] Considering southwest airlines and Google are the best example for that. Attrition refers to the instinctive process, where the candidates who do not fit in will go away from the company. Research indicates that person-organization incompatibility is one of the important reasons for employee turnover.[3] New Employee On-boarding : On-boarding pertains to the process through which new employees learn the attitudes, knowledge, skills, and behaviors required to function effectively within an organization.[4] When the organizational employees socializing the new people, inviting as a part of their family, they will feel accepted by their peers and confident regarding their ability to perform, and also they can share the assumptions, norms, and values that are the part of the organizations culture. This understanding and confidence is making the new employees to perform their ability and traits in a excellent way. As well as it gives higher job fulfillment, Effective organizational commitment, and long period of time experience within the company for them. Organizations can also engage in different activities to facilitate on-boarding, such as implementing orientation programs or matching new employees with mentors. These processes are expanded by the nature of the company.[5] (refer Exhibit 1-1) Leadership : Leaderships are significantly helpful in creating and modifying the organizations culture. There is a direct agreement between the leaders style and an organizations culture. For example, when leaders motivate and praise the employees in the firm by their knowledge , skills, initiatives, the corporate culture tends to be more supportive and people- oriented. Consequently, the leaders are providing rewards, contingent on performance, again it tends to be more performance-oriented and competitive also to them.[6] Likewise, the leaders will influence directly to the cultures of their organizations. Apart from the leaders influence, the role model is another tool (Charismatic). Research have suggested that leader behavior, attitudes, and decision-making, the consistency between union policy, leader actions and role modeling determine the degree to which the organizations culture emphasizes ethics [7]. The leaders own behaviors will influence each individuals to understand what is acceptable behavior and what is unacceptable. In an organization, in which high-level leaders make the effort to involve others in decision making and seek opinions of others, team diversity is more likely to evolve. By acting as role models (charismatic), leaders send signals to the organization about the norms and values that are expected to guide the actions of its members. Leaders also proves their success from reactions to the actions of others in the organizational culture. Through their day-to-day actions improvements, leaders shape and maintain the organizations culture Effectively. Reward Systems : The Organizational reward system offering pliability and motivation for maximum effectiveness from the employees rather than being hard and rude. Usually, the company culture is formed by the type of reward systems and based on the kinds of behaviors and outcomes it chooses to reward and punish. One relevant element of the reward system is whether the organizational rewards either behaviors or outcomes. In some companies, the employees rewards system highlights intangible elements of performance also its looking like easily accessible metrics. In these companies, supervisors and peers may evaluate the workers performance by seeing the persons behaviors as well as the results. In such companies, we may expect a culture that is comparatively both either people-oriented or team-oriented, so the employees can act as part of a family [8]. However, in companies in which goal attainment is the sole criterion for reward, there is a focus on measuring only the results without much regard to the process. In these companies, we might supervise result-oriented and competitive cultures. A company culture evolves to determine which behaviors are deserved, which ones are penalized, and which are ignored by them. A reward system is a major tool managers can exert when undertaking the controlling function. In order for a reward system to be effective, the rewards must hold some importance for the employees. Reward systems should focus on positive reinforcement. It is the most effective tool for encouraging desired behavior because it stimulates people to take actions because they want to, because they get something of value (internally or externally) for doing it. An effectively designed and managed reward program can drive an organizations change process by positively reinforcing desired behaviors. According to (Thomas,1994) author presents criteria for building effective reward systems that he calls the SMART criteria. These criteria should be used when designing and evaluating programs. The programs should be: Specific. A line of sight should be maintained between rewards and actions. Meaningful. The achievements rewarded should provide an important return on investment to both the performer and the organization. Achievable. The employees or groups goals should be within the reach of the performers. Reliable. The program should operate according to its principles and purpose. Timely. The recognition/rewards should be provided frequently enough to make performers feel valued for their efforts. CREATING AN ETHICAL CULTURE : Ethical managerial leaders and their people take the right and good path when they come to the ethical choice points. An organizational culture most likely to shape high ethical standards is one thats high in risk tolerance, low to moderate in aggressiveness, and focuses on means as well as outcomes. Although, the managers in the organization, innovate and take risk to avoid the unbridled competition, and will pay attention to How and What goals are achieved.[9] Considering the Johnson Johnson employees culture, have become to know how their strong organizational culture it is. If the culture is strong and supports high ethical standards, definitely it should have a very powerful and positive influence on employee behavior. Even though, sometimes a strong culture can make an unethical behavior because of aggressive culture between the employees. Research suggesting that, some of the practices that management can undertake, Being a visible role model, Communicating ethical expectations, providing ethical training, Visibly rewarding ethical acts and punishing unethical ones, and finally providing protective mechanism can help the employees to be more active into the organizational culture. According to Turknett research, process that can help to ensure that the organization has an ethical culture and that has the leaders who lead with character. Investing in a process that seeks to infuse an ethical culture is especially important in the case where there is an ethical infringement. And by his three Cs, merely developing a cultural character into the people. Code, Character and Conversation providing a good framework for thinking about infusing ethics into organization culture. By using his model called Growing Leadership Character can also use to cascade these concepts deep into the organizational ranks. Moreover, his theory expressing the three basic character into the human. thus, providing an ethical behavior. When someone has character, usually it also mean that they are the people who work hard, get results, and are the people always Responsible. They also, however, ground all action in a solid base of Integrity, and they treat people with respect and Equity.[10] Nevertheless, Dr. Charles D. Kerns illustrates in his various research, how the values are influencing ethical behavior into the human. It could say clearly that VABEs (Values, Assumptions, behaviors, Emotions) seems to be a subset of virtuous values that align with ethical behavior.[11] Values > Attitudes > Ethical Behavior In Martin Seligmans, Authentic Happiness, has reviewed these core virtuous values that influence ethical behavior and appear to have universal appeal. Wisdom and Knowledge, Self Control, Justice and Fair Guidance, Transcendence, Love and Kindness and Courage and Integrity are giving personal values accordingly.However, there are some USA Based Indian companies are providing an ethical training into the employees, Significantly could illustrate as an example, Sierra Atlantic (California-Based software company) Hyderabad, trains its Indian employees in various aspects of U.S culture. As a result, they won a bid with an American firm over an Indian competitor because the Sierra employees were viewed as a better cultural fit. Such successes make it likely that companies with foreign clients will either adopt or continue to use cultural training.[12] Mary-Jo Kranacher is recommending some more values, to build an ethical culture into the organization, effectively. Developing ethics policies, Implementing controls, Establishing penalties and rewards, Communicating policies and procedures to others from top management to bottom, Enforcing policies consistently are included in his major suggestions.[13] As a result, the purpose of an ethics policy is to support a culture of openness, trust, and integrity in a companys management and business practices.

Use of Doubt To Persuade Essay -- Successful Persuasion Essays

Persuasion goes on around us everyday, all the time, on television, on advertisements, even in conversations with friends. Perhaps because of this, much has been written on how to persuade more effectively. Most of this literature is built upon the notion that to persuade is to urge successfully and completely. Going along these lines, certainty and confidence are logical complements to effective persuasion, since we cannot hope to convince others when we are ourselves in doubt. Doubt, therefore, is felt to be at the other end of the spectrum and antithetical to persuasion. But the art of persuasion is a human art, and so it is a living art, which cannot be satisfactorily summed up between the covers of self-improvement guides. In reality, successful persuasion can somewhat deviate from the conventional criteria of certainty; in fact, even doubt can be used to persuade. This exciting possibility appears unlikely from the start, because there is an inherent paradox in the notion that doubt can persuade. This contradiction is even clearer when we consider persuasion in the form of a speech given to a large audience. To be able to hold his own in front of a crowd, the speaker, surely, must be certain of himself and what he wants to say. But there is a possible approach by which orators can round the corner of persuading with doubt, and even make doubt work to their advantage. Given that the doubt is a shared concern of both the speaker and his audience, a candid confession of uncertainty may open new emotional inroads into the audience. By serving as a common denominator and a common challenge to both parties, a shared doubt when brought into the open can direct the combined energies of the listeners towards finding a workable so... ...nd genuine than an outward show of sorrow. In this case, to contrive is to constrict. Doubt as an instinct embedded in persuasion transcends common rhetoric as it moves beyond the rational sphere of intellect into the domain of unbridled emotions. For this reason, and also because it was with an intention to explore persuasion beyond conventional notions that we set out to study the use of doubt in the first place, it is impossible and indeed unnecessary to encapsulate the skill of persuading with doubt within any sort of generalising guidelines. To subject this practice to prescriptive limits is to sever its lifeline-the vital element of spontaneity that moves with circumstances. As Lee lamented, "sometimes, history takes many devious turns"; it was exactly through one such quirk of history that his speech in 1965 achieved such astonishing payoffs ("Press" 9).